دانشگاه اصفهان نشریه پژوهش های زبان شناسی 2322-3413 14 1 2022 04 21 Formant Transitions of Turkish Vowels گذار سازه‌ای در واکه‌های زبان ترکی گونة تبریز 1 24 26882 10.22108/jrl.2022.133712.1656 FA وحید صادقی دانشیار زبان‌شناسی، گروه مترجمی زبان انگلیسی، دانشکده ادبیات، دانشگاه بین المللی امام خمینی. قزوین-ایران سولماز محمودی استادیار زبان‌شناسی، گروه ادبیات و زبان‌های شرقی، دانشکده ادبیات، دانشگاه استانبول، استانبول – ترکیه Journal Article 2022 05 21 Abstract Acoustic correlates of consonantal place of articulation are numerous and varied. Burst information, onset spectra, and formant transition motion have all been implicated as the significant cues for consonant place of articulation within each labial, alveolar, and velar place category. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the transition rate of a vowel formant, which was the ascending or descending slope of the formant in CV syllables. Therefore, this analysis offered additional insights to the role of F2 transition at the onset and mid-points when serving as predictor variables. The results showed that F1 vowel transitions had an ascending slope. Increasing the value of F1 vowel transition after the releases of labial, alveolar, and velar consonants was an acoustic clue to the opening of the oral cavity and absence of obstruction/closure in the vocal tract. The statistical analyses demonstrated that only in the vowels [o, u, æ], there was a significant difference between the second formant frequencies at the two onset and the mid-points of the transition after all coronals, labials, and velars. The difference between these two variables was not significant in the other cases. Keywords: Vowel, Transition, Formant, Syllable, Ascending or Descending Slope Introduction Azerbaijani language is mainly spoken in Azerbaijan and Iran (Johanson, 2010). After Farsi as the official language, Azerbaijani has the most (approximately 15-20 million) speakers in Iran (Crystal, 2010). Most of the speakers inhabit in four provinces of the northwestern part of Iran. In the literature, two striking features of Turkic morphology has been presented: first, its agglutinative nature (low level of fusion in Sapir's terminology), indicating the fact that there is basically one-one correspondence between grammatical categories and their exponents and second, its highly synthetic nature (high level of synthesis again by using Sapir's terminology), demonstrating the fact that a given word can contain a large number of morphemes. Furthermore, the syllable structure of Azeribaijani language is consonant-vowel-consonant (consonant). This indicates that tautosyllabic consonant clusters with sonority drop are acceptable. In Turkic languages, the stress falls on the final syllables of all parts of speech (noun, adjectives, adverbs, and verbs). Most of the derivational and inflectional suffixes carry the stress. However, some of the derivational suffixes and clitics are unstressed. When roots combine with an unstressed suffix, the stress falls on the immediately preceding syllable and stress shift may not take place. According to these stress-placement rules, we used target vowels in simple words with the cvc.cvc syllables. Materials and Methods Generally, the first 3 formants of vowels are the most important indicators providing information for distinguishing vowels from each other (Hagino et al., 2008). There is a close relation between the first formant frequency (F1) and articulatory and/or perceptual dimension(s) of vowel height. The second formant frequency (F2) corresponds with the place of maximal constriction during the production of vowels (Wang and Van Heuven, 2006). Measurement of formants is one of the elements of the acoustic analysis of vowels. The first two formants are most important for identifying a vowel (Raina, Chakraborty, and Velankar, 2014). A formant is a concentration of acoustic energy around a particular frequency in the speech wave and corresponds to a resonance in the vocal tract. Formants can be seen very clearly in a wideband spectrogram where they are displayed as dark bands. They are labeled as F1, F2, F3, F4, etc. starting with the lowest frequency (Gunasekar et al., 2017). F1 is primarily related to tongue height with high vowels having a low F1 frequency and low vowels having a high F1 frequency. F2 is mostly related to tongue advancement with back vowels having a low F2 frequency and front vowels having a high F2 frequency (Ludlow, Kent, and Gray, 2019). This study included 10 native Turkish speakers aged 20-45 years. They pronounced Turkish vowels following consonants like xɯr.dɑ, nɑ.xɯr, rɯ.zɑ, and sɑ.rɯ. Acoustic analysis of the WAV files was performed in the computer program Praat, Version 6.1.08 (Boersma and Weenink, 2019). Segmentation of vowels in words was carried out in a manual approach. Formant frequency analysis was conducted using the Formant Pro (Xu, 2018) available in Praat with its default standard settings (range of 5,000 Hz for 5 formants). We used International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) symbols for Turkish sounds. Discussion of Results and Conclusion Coarticulation is generally defined as the influence of one phonetic segment on another segment (Marchal, 2009). It is an overlap between the articulations of neighboring phonemes. Articulators constantly move as we talk so that the shape of the vocal tract for a particular phoneme is influenced by the shapes for the phonemes that both precede and follow it (Goldstein, 2010). Vocal tract movements produce transitions of formant frequencies. Formant transitions reflect the overall change in the shape of the vocal tract during speech production (Story and Bunton, 2010). The study objective was to analyze F1 and F2 transitions in Turkish vowels in a consonant context with different places of articulation (labials: m, b, p, f, and v; coronals: s, z, d, t, n, and l; alveolo-palatals: ʃ, ʒ, ʣ, r, and ʦ; palatals: ɟ, c, and j; uvulars: ɣ and x. Therefore, this analysis offered additional insights into the role of F2 transition at the onset and mid-points when serving as predictor variables. Formant transitions in consonant-vowel sequences from real words were analyzed. Consonants with different places of articulation were included in the analysis. Finally, statistical analysis of T-test was performed for two similar groups by calculating the significance level of the difference between the F2 frequency values of the onset and the mid-points of the target vowels after the consonants. The results revealed that F1 vowel transitions had an ascending slope. Increasing the value of F1 vowel transition after the releases of labial, alveolar, and velar consonants was an acoustic clue to the opening of the oral cavity and absence of obstruction/closure in the vocal tract. The statistical analyses demonstrated that only in vowels [o, u, æ], there was a significant difference between the frequencies of the second formant at the two onset and mid-points of the transition after all coronals, labials, and velars. The difference between these two variables was not significant in the other cases. از آنجایی که گذار سازه‌ای همخوان به واکه حاوی یکی از سرنخ‌های آکوستیکی برای تشخیص محل تولید همخوان است، بررسی میزان گذار سازه‌های یک واکه که همان شیب صعودی یا نزولی سازه در بافت cv است هدف اصلی پژوهش حاضر است. جهت نشان‌دادن مسیر تغییر مقادیر سازه‌های F1 و F2 هر یک از واکه‌های پیشین و پسین ترکی، شکل‌ها با نرم‌افزار اکسل ترسیم شد و از آنجایی که فضای سازه‌ها با توجه به ماهیت واکه در زنجیرة گفتار تغییر قابل توجهی دارند تاثیر بافت آوایی برروی مقادیر فرکانسی سازه‌های F1 و F2 در ناحیه گذار مربوط به همخوان‌های لبی، تیغه‌ای و بدنه‌ای مورد بررسی قرار گرفت، به عبارتی با دسته‌بندی و تعمیم گذار سازه‌ها می‌توان پارامتری را تعیین کرد که به تشخیص محل تولید همخوان‌ها کمک کند. در نهایت مشخص شد گذار F1همه واکه‌ها به صورت صعودی است. افزایش مقدار گذار F1 واکه پس از پایان رهش همخوان‌های لبی، تیغه‌ای و بدنه‌ای یک سرنخ آکوستیکی برای بازبودن مجرای دهان و عدم وجود گرفتگی در دستگاه گفتار است. تحلیل‌های آماری برای مقایسه فرکانس سازة دوم هر یک از واکه‌ها در دو نقطة آغاز و مرکز گذار همخوان‌های لبی، تیغه‌ای، بدنه‌ای نشان داد که تنها در واکه‌های [o، u، a] تفاوت معناداری بین فرکانس سازه دوم در دو نقطة آغاز و مرکز گذار پس از همة همخوان‌های لبی، تیغه‌ای و بدنه‌ای وجود دارد و در بقیه موارد اختلاف این دو متغیر معنادار نیست.

https://jrl.ui.ac.ir/article_26882_c63a6808f7a947269702b4ce4c3913a2.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان نشریه پژوهش های زبان شناسی 2322-3413 14 1 2022 04 21 Intersemiotic Analysis of Ekphrastic Painting "Destiny" by Mehdi Zamani تحلیل بینانشانه‌ای نقاشی اکفراستیک «تقدیر» از مهدی زمانی 25 48 26909 10.22108/jrl.2022.134040.1663 FA محمد هاتفی استادیار گروه پژوهشی ترجمه و کاربردهای اجتماعی ادبیات، پژوهشکده زبان و ادبیات، پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات فرهنگی، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2022 06 11 Abstract In this research, based on socio-semiotic approach, an ekphrastic painting titled Destiny by Mehdi Zamani analyzed. the so called ekphrasis is a calligraphy painted as a representation of a poem by Rumi. The research method is functionalist visual grammar of Kress and Leeuwen (2006). For analyzing the verbal text (initial text), I used the Functional Linguistics of Halliday (1976, 2014). The results of the research show that in the ekphrastic representation, the meaning is not translated adaptively but as a structure and a metafunctional translation. The three metafunctions are translated non-adaptively to each other. Therefore, what the verbal text represents, for example, in the form of logical metafunction, is expressed by a different metafunction in the ekphrastic text; i. e. in an ideational or interactional metafunction. The complexity of logical metafunction has increased the metaphorical aspect of ekphrastic representation in the target text. The results show that a significant part of the meaning of the verbal text is represented beyond the self-awareness of the producer of the target text. Finally, the results demonstrate that contrary to intertextuality, which expands the borders of the "signified", the ekphrastic representation has expanded the borders of the "signifier". Keywords: Ekphrasis, Mahdi Zamani, Intersemiotics, Calligraphy, Verbal Text, Visual Text, Representation Introduction Many researchers (Heffernan, 1993; Pop, 2010; Cluver, 1997, 1998: 40; Bruhn, 2001: 559; Yacobi, 1999: 28; Persin, 1997: 11; Sager Eidt, 2001: 19-21; and Robillard, 1998: 53-72) have examined ekphrasis mostly from the point of view of classifying its types. They have not paid attention to how the meaning is represented from the source text to the destination text in an ekphrastic intersemiotic translation from the verbal to the visual text and how the meaning is transferred. Therefore, it is necessary to contrast the separate ways of the two semiotic systems for presenting meaning and making communication. The ekphrastic method should not be confused with the traditional illustration. Unlike multimodal (verbal/visual) texts, in which meaning is born from the interaction of different modes (text and image), there are always two independent texts in ekphrasis, each of which has its own complete meaning. By choosing a calligraphic painting by Mahdi Zaman, which was produced based on a poem that the painter attributed to Rumi, the present research put forward the following hypothesis based on the Functional Linguistics of Halliday (1976; 1994; Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014) and the Visual Grammar of Kress and Leeuwen (2006): Representing verbal meaning in the visual mode requires that any intersemiotic mechanism be done in the form of translating two separate grammars to each other. Materials and Methods In this article, I intended to examine the ekphrastic painting (calligraohy) entitled "Destiny" from a functional perspective based on the Visual Grammar of Kress and Leeuwen (2006). In a verbal/visual intersemiotic relationship, each of the verbal and visual semiotic systems has its own grammar. Therefore, I used different theories for each source and destination text. In this way, to explain the mechanisms of representing meaning in the verbal mode, I used Halliday's Functional Linguistics, and for the visual text, I used Kress and Leeuwen's Visual Grammar Theory. Discussion of Results and Conclusions The source text, which was the basis of ekphrasis, was a verse of a poem that the artist attributed to Rumi. Of course, attribution of this verse to Rumi was not true, while it was taken from the following bi-verse poem, the composer of which was not known; thus, it had been wrongly attributed to Rumi in the virtual space: "Every moment I surrender to my destiny, I am calmer than a deer and more fearless than a lion; Every moment I try to plan my work, pain after pain and chain after chain comes to me". Mahdi Zamani (painter) mentioned only the second stanza as the source text, while the title of the calligraphy (ekphrastic text), contained the verbal sign that was in the first stanza of the poem: "Destiny". Therefore, the scope of representation of the target text was beyond the source text that he specified. The source text was beyond what the target text producer (painter) pointed to. The title of the painting, which was a verbal sign in the first stanza, was actually a metaphorical form of the verb "appreciation", which was a transitive verb and its explicit object was "destiny". Therefore, the opposition of destiny-appreciation was formed and it was necessary to see how the painter represented this structural opposition in his painting. The revelation of this contrast showed that much more abstract levels of meaning were also involved in the ekphrastic translation and it was necessary to pay attention to the ways of their transmissions. The complex level of logical metafunction, which was revealed in the form of the logical relationship ‘if... then...’ in the relationship between destiny-appreciation (surrender and peace) was shown in the form of a metaphorical system in the ekphrastic (top/below (ideal/non-ideal) representation This meant that the top was the place of the lack of chains and thus the place of peace and the bottom was the place of the chains in the composition system. It indicated that the chains appeared to be one continual when the actor tried to plan at all the moments. The results of the analysis showed that in the intermodal and intersemotic translations from the artistic text of the poem to the artistic text of the painting, the transmission of meaning and representation did not occur in a corresponding manner, but simultaneously within the framework of the grammatical system of each semiotic system. The meaning was rearranged according to the metafunctional tools of that system. Metafunctional correspondence did not exist in the intersemiotic translation, but each text created its own metafunctional system of representation. Of course, both of them took a full advantage of all the intellectual, interpersonal, textual, and logical metafunctions. A large part of the meaning was unconsciously transferred from the source text to the terget text because contrary to the self-awareness of the painter (ekphrastic producer), the analysis of the text showed that more elements of the surroundings of the verbal text were represented in the target text. ترجمه بیناوجهی و بینانشانه‌ای از بصری به کلامی، به طور سنتی، از دوره یونان، اکفراسیس نامیده شده است. با نظر به توسع انواع انتقال معنی از طریق ترجمه، اکفراسیس نیز تنوع و گستردگی یافته و امروزه انتقال معنی از بازنمود کلامی به بصری را نیز شامل می‌شود. پژوهش های موجود ترجمه بینانشانه‌ای کلامی-بصری را از منظر تفاوت ماهوی میان گسسته و پیوسته بودن دو نظام نشانهای و یا از منظر تفاوت در رمزگان نگریستهاند. مسأله اصلی در این پژوهش این است که تولید کننده هر کدام از متنها چگونه معنا را بازنمایی نموده و انتقال میدهد. در مقاله حاضر با رویکرد نشانه‌شناسی اجتماعی، مبتنی بر زبانشناسی نقشگرای هلیدی و گرامر بصری کرس و لیوون (2006)، اکفراسیس نقاشی ‌خط از مهدی زمانی با عنوان «تقدیر» -که برگردان یک متن شعری (هنر کلامی) است- بررسی شده است. فرضیه تحقیق این است که بازنمایی و انتقال معنا در هر کدام از متن مبدأ و مقصد با تکیه به گرامر خاص هر کدام و با بهرهگیری از ظرفیتهای سطوح فرانقشی رخ میدهد. نتایج تحقیق نشان می‌دهد در برگردان از متن کلامی به بصری، معنی نه به صورت تطابقی بلکه به صورت سازواره‌ای از گرامر کلامی به بصری ترجمه شده و فرانقش‌های سه‌گانه به صورت غیرتطابقی به یکدیگر ترجمه شده‌اند. ترجمه فرانقش منطقی، دامنه استعاری ترجمه را در متن مقصد افزایش داده است.

https://jrl.ui.ac.ir/article_26909_f8d762a58b4e39aba8ae88aed4612818.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان نشریه پژوهش های زبان شناسی 2322-3413 14 1 2022 04 21 Investigating the Effects of Animacy and Thematic Roles on Word Order in the Sentences of Persian Aphasia بررسی تأثیر ویژگی معنایی جانداری و نقش‌های موضوعی بر آرایش جمله در بیماران زبان‌پریش فارسی‌زبان 49 68 26906 10.22108/jrl.2022.132975.1645 FA حسین رحمانی استادیارگروه زبان شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و زبان های خارجی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران مژگان چگنی مربی گروه آموزش زبان انگلیسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، واحد خرم‌آباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، خرم‌آباد، ایران Journal Article 2022 03 08 Abstract Brain damages and aphasia resulting from them are very common and their early detection is vital. Description of aphasic patients’ language and speech abilities can lead to the disorder diagnosis, its evaluation, and screening. By making use of a descriptive-analytic method, the present research intended to determine the language disorders caused by brain damages and show how the structural differences of languages affect aphasia symptoms among the patients at the speech therapy centers of Tehran. The control group included 10 safe and sound people, who were thoroughly the same as the case group composed of 7 patients in terms of age, education, and language. The tests included an oral and a written test. The studied people had to describe some pictures in the oral test and were supposed to unscramble some sentences in the written test. The findings indicated that the control group used agent-theme orders for describing the pictures without regarding animacy, while animacy was an effective factor on the order of noun phrases in the sentences and led to pre-posing of the themes in some cases. Additionally, it seemed that in patients with brain damages, animacy concept was an effective factor on the order of noun phrases in the sentences. Keywords: Brain Damage, Aphasia, Thematic Role, Animacy, Word Order Introduction Investigating languages of people with aphasic disorder by linguists leads scientists towards understanding how language is afflicted with disorder and at the same time the linguists can deal with theoretical issues based on the objective data. Some disorders are universal as they are found in almost all aphasic people, but some are language-specific. Some of these differences are related to the structures of a specific language and the amount of pressure the mind has to tolerate. The more complex the structure is, the more vulnerable they will be and the faster they will perish, hence being more enticing for linguists. The present research aimed at describing some structural disorders among the Persian speakers, who were afflicted with aphasia, so as to see how the structural features of Persian language could affect the outcome of these people. To this goal, word order, which is different in Persian and English, was chosen to see how the different structures of different languages affect aphasia. In addition, the relationship between the degree of complexity of a language and its vulnerability was found out besides surveying the effects of animacy and thematic role. It was hypothesized that there was a significant relationship between animacy and word order and between agent/ instrument, theme, and word order. Materials and Method This research was based on a descriptive-analytic methodology and the samples included those who had aphasic symptoms and were under treatment in the speech therapy centers of Tehran. of these people, 7 non-fluent people were chosen with the following criteria: having a severe disease but not completely impaired language output and the ability to express at least multi-word sentences. In terms of other side disorders, those, who did not have dyslexia or apraxia, were included so that they could read the sentence cards and use them to make their own sentences. In terms of the disease duration, those who had passed at least 3 weeks since their brain injury were taken into account because according to the experts, the presence of blood clots or inflammation of brain tissues at the beginning of the lesion could cause side effects and aggravation of symptoms in the patients. These tests were also performed on 10 control subjects. The patients and the control group were 22-77 and 25-72 years old, the average of whom were 52 and 51.1, respectively. In terms of education, both groups were relatively the same. Their language was Persian. All the patients were right-handed and were afflicted with non-fluent aphasia. The tests were given in two steps: the preparation step, in which the curer did his/her job with the linguists’ attendance so as to pave the way in a friendly relationship and the test execution step, in which the desired tests were performed in the next session after knowing more about the patients. According to Saffran and colleagues, the tests were composed of oral and written parts. Discussion of Results and Conclusion In all the tasks, the control group used the agent/instrument before the theme, while the obtained results were different for the patients. In the oral tasks, 71.4% of the patients used the agent/instrument before the theme. For the last picture, this ratio increased to 85.72%. In the written tasks, the results were different as well. For the first picture, the use of agent/patient order was 75%, while it was the only order used by the patients when describing the second picture. To describe the third and fourth pictures, this ratio decreased to 50%. The data were analyzed by using chi-square in Spss software. In both oral and written tasks, the results showed that there was no significant relationship between word order and animacy, but the significant relationship of thematic roles with word order was confirmed. In the written task, x2, degree of freedom, and p-value were respectively 4.5, 1, and 0.034, which meant that there was a significant relationship between the variables. In the oral tasks, x2, degree of freedom, and p-value were 14, 1, and 0.001, respectively. This also indicated the significant relationship between the variables. Kaplan believes that animacy is effective on word order in addition to the significant effects of thematic roles in the sentences produced by aphasic patients. He predicted the possible orders. In this research, his predictions were investigated in the data of Persian aphasia. The findings of the written and oral tasks were not the same. The ratio of word order in the oral tasks, except in the first picture, were not in accordance with Kaplan’s results, while there was more consistency between the obtained ratios and Kaplan’s predictions in the written tasks. This is predictable because reading and writing are two distinct skills and are not acquired alike in the human life. In fact, the degrees of disorder in these two skills depend on the patients’ capabilities before illness. The different word orders in Persian and English languages would be another reason. Even if the statistical tests did not show any significant relationships between animacy and order of noun groups, it would be seen that thematic roles were not the only determinant elements for word order in contrast to the case of the control group because animacy is the inherent feature of nouns, while identifying thematic roles depends on the understanding of complicated semantic relations between nouns and other elements of the sentence. Thus, when patients are unable to recognize these roles, using animacy will provide easier understanding. This finding is in accordance with Badecker and Caramazza’s second principle. آسیب‌های مغزی و زبان‌پریشی ناشی از آن بسیار شایع بوده و شناخت سریع آنها از اهمیت ویژه‌ای برخوردار است. توصیف توانمندی‌های گفتار و زبان در بیماران زبان‌پریش، به تشخیص اختلالات مربوطه، ارزیابی و غربالگری آنان کمک میکند. از این رو، به ‌منظور تعیین اختلالات زبانی ناشی از آسیب مغزی در بیماران زبان‌پریش و نیز برای نشان دادن تأثیر تفاوت‌های ساختاری زبان‌ها بر ماهیت علائم زبان‌پریشی این تحقیق انجام گرفته است. روش بررسی در این پژوهش از نوع توصیفی- تحلیلی است. نمونه‌های مورد مطالعه، هفت بیمار آسیب مغزی بودند که با تشخیص قطعی زبان‌پریشی در مراکز گفتاردرمانی تهران تحت درمان بودند. گروه شاهد شامل ده فرد سالم بود که ازنظر سن، زبان و میزان تحصیلات با گروه مورد همخوانی داشتند. متغیر مورد بررسی در این مطالعه، آرایش جمله و تأثیر ویژگی معنایی جانداری و نقش‌های موضوعی بر ترتیب قرار گرفتن گروه اسمی در جمله‌های بیماران زبان‌پریش بود. آزمون شامل دو بخش شفاهی و کتبی بود. بخش شفاهی آزمون توصیف تصاویر و بخش کتبی آزمون جمله‌های به‌هم ریخته بود که می‌بایست توسط بیمار مرتب می‌شد. داده‌های به‌دست آمده در دو گروه مورد قضاوت آماری قرار گرفت. در تمامی آزمون‌ها صد‌در‌صد افراد شاهد بدون در نظر گرفتن ویژگی جانداری، برای توصیف تصاویر از توالی کنش‌گر/کنش‌پذیر استفاده کردند، اما در مورد بیماران، ویژگی جانداری بر ترتیب قرار گرفتن گروه‌های اسمی مؤثر بود و در برخی موارد سبب پیشی گرفتن کنش‌پذیر بر کنش‌گر شد. بر اساس داده‌های به‌دست آمده به‌ نظر می‌رسد که افراد دچار آسیب مغزی علاوه بر استفاده از نقش‌های معنایی در تعیین توالی گروه‌های اسمی قادر به درک و تشخیص ویژگی معنایی جانداری در گروه‌های اسمی نیز بوده و در کنار نقش‌های موضوعی از آن به عنوان عاملی مؤثر بر ترتیب قرارگرفتن گروه‌های اسمی استفاده می‌کنند.

https://jrl.ui.ac.ir/article_26906_703b1e48bc24699924a1f1d01da4e0b3.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان نشریه پژوهش های زبان شناسی 2322-3413 14 1 2022 04 21 Analysis of Orientation Paths in Persian Fictive Motion within the Framework of Cognitive Semantics تحلیل مسیرجهت‌یابی در حرکات خیالی فارسی در چارچوب معناشناسی شناختی 69 86 26939 10.22108/jrl.2022.132820.1641 FA مهسا نیک ابادی دانشجوی دکتری زبان شناسی همگانی، گروه زبان انگلیسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان)، اصفهان، ایران 0000-0003-2911-7707 احمدرضا لطفی استادیارگروه زبان انگلیسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان)، اصفهان، ایران بهرام هادیان استادیار گروه زبان انگلیسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان)، اصفهان، ایران Journal Article 2022 03 13 Abstract Fictive motion, a figurative motion of an entity conjured up as a continuous motion of a stationary abstract object, plays a key role in language and caption (Talmy, 2000a). Accordingly, fictive motion paths and orientation paths were subject to scrutiny in the present study. From cognitive semantics, Talmy's (2000a, p. 103) classifications of fictive motion events were broached through several examples. To this end, a preference task entailing 16 extracted sentences from Talmy's (2000a) classifications was developed to scrutinize Persian speakers' intuitions in evaluating fictive motion. The sentences were translated into Persian, while a similar sentence was also reproduced for every translated sentence, as well as 9 pairs of filler sentences, to analyze the cognitive qualities of fictive motion events perceived by the Persian speakers. Prior to conducting a full-scale research project and to control the reliability and validity of the preference task, a pilot study was conducted with 8 participants and 5 linguists. 105 Persian students participated in a two-stage task based on a convenience sampling procedure to single out the fictive motion sentences and terms. As reported by the results, 86.9% of the participants marked the motion sentences. Prepositional phrases were selected as the motion constituents by the average number of 56 participants. This led to the conclusion that the paths were the most frequent semantic elements in Persian. Keywords: Fictive Motion, Fictive Motion Category, Motion, Path, Prepositional Phrase Introduction Motion is one of the key cognitive structures of human experience, which is closely entwined with perceptual mechanisms. Notably, verbalization of motion in real life involves specific visual representations, which are manifested through special linguistic codes. Such a relationship between conceptual and linguistic representations of motion has long been a matter of great interest in linguistic studies since languages differ in the way they code instances of motion linguistically. The concept of motion and fictive motion events are described to highlight their importance in human languages. The principal aim of the present paper was to enrich the existing literature on how patterns of fictive motion events are recognized and lexicalized in Persian in general and described as the semantics of Persian fictive motion in particular. In math and physics, however, different descriptions in terms of change, displacement, and distance are considered for motion (Tyson et al., 2000). In linguistics, it is assumed that people normally know what the motion is when someone or something moves. They even know how to linguistically transfer such experiences (Filipović & Ibarretxe-Antuñano, 2015). By and large, motion can be signified factively and fictively. Physical movement or displacement of an entity is called factive motion, while the object does not experience any physical changes in fictive motion (Bohnemeyer, 2010). Clearly, figure, ground, path, and manner are 4 semantic elements of motion events. Figure is the object that moves or appears in a stationary location; ground is the object, in respect to which the figure moves; path refers to translational motion; and manner refers to the actual movement, which is implied by the verb (Slobin, 1996; Talmy, 1985). Fictive motion (Talmy 1996, 2000; Langacker, 2005, 2008a) denotes a figurative image of motion attributed to states, motionless objects, or abstract concepts. Not surprisingly, several Iranian linguists have been working on fictive motion events but have failed to address the full range of categories and dimensions defined by Talmy (2000a). Most Persian studies have been merely done on the last category of fictive motion, namely coextension paths, while ignoring the other categories of the operational framework. Neglecting other fictive motion categories by the Iranian scholars motivated the researcher to adopt a more comprehensive stance in order to create a holistic account of the concept by using both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Hence, the primary significance of the present paper was to investigate the semantic/conceptual components and paths of fictive motion events based on the theoretical framework offered by Talmy. In other words, the principal goal of this paper was to expound the concept of fictive motion from a ground-breaking angle that could create a more comprehensive image of the issue. Furthermore, it tried to enhance our understanding of the way fictive motion events in Persian might be described in light of the universality of meanings cross-linguistically. Materials and Methods This study involved a face-to-face stage followed by an on-line stage, in which 16 sentences were randomly drawn from Talmy’s (2000a) fictive motion categories. To make sure that the inter-sentential differences existing among the pairs of sentences were not easily recognizable, 9 filler sentence pairs were also added to the sentence test prompts formulated before, which were sandwiched between the main sentence pairs comprising the preference task. It is interesting to note that in the translation of fictive motion sentences from English into Persian, care was taken to find the most acceptable Persian equivalents for the English verbs and prepositions in the preference task. Subsequently, to analyze the cognitive qualities of the fictive motion events perceived by the Persian speakers, a similar sentence was also reproduced for every translated sentence. These sentence test prompts were semantically close, but fictively different and provided an admixture of motion and motionless events. 105 participants took part in the preference task. They were all undergraduate students at the Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, who were selected by using the convenience sampling method. Alternatively, to eliminate any possible ambiguities and help the participants to learn how to tackle this task, the researcher arranged a debriefing session to provide the participants with an oral explanation about the nature of the task and the way they could perform it. This session took place before the Corona virus pandemic. The second stage in this study was launched during Covid-19 pandemic when the social media were employed as a functionally useful tool for collecting the required data. The data collected in both stages was classified into the 4 categories of motion sentences, motionless sentences, both sentences, and none of the sentences to cover all the potential possibilities involving motion diagnosis and interpretation. The main objective of the preference task was to examine the participants’ recognition of the sentences with motion rather than motionless events by choosing the appropriate target event in each pair. To guarantee data authenticity, the answers provided by the participants by chance and those not answered at all were also considered in the data analysis. To analyze the data, SPSS statistical software was employed for estimating the frequency and percentage values of the responses provided by the participants for each category. The existing differences were further analyzed by utilizing the statistical tests of chi-square and one-way ANOVA. While the rationale behind using the statistical technique of Chi-square was to measure if there was an equal probability of occurrence across all the targeted categories. Application of ANOVA was another attempt to further attest the significance of variations among the various categories of motion events. In the chi-square analysis, it was expected that the motion sentences reflect the most probable category. Based on the mean and standard deviation values belonging to the three independent categories, the ANOVA test aimed to alternatively determine whether there was any statistical evidence showing that the targeted means were significantly different. Discussion of Results and Conclusions The present study addressed a niche in the domain of fictive motion events, i.e., the roles of paths in Persian. Therefore, a two-stage study was conducted to investigate comprehension of fictive motion sentences in Persian. Stage 1 used a preference task to inspect to what extent the fictive motion sentences were recognizable for the Persian speakers. Stage 2, moreover, examined the motion constituent in the fictive motion sentences. Therefore, several pieces of evidence concerning fictive motion events were scrutinized. To achieve these aims, the preference task containing 25 pairs of sentences was handed out to 105 Persian speakers. The results in the first stage revealed that approximately 87% of the participants recognized and confirmed the fictivity of the fictive motion sentences in Persian. In the second stage, maximum number of prepositional phrases was underlined, indicating that the path motions conjured by the Persian speakers were more than the other semantic constituents in the sentences. حرکت خیالی نقش مهمی در زبان و شناخت داردکه بواسطۀ آن می‌‌‌‌‌‌توان به بررسی مسیر جهت‌یابی درحرکت خیالی از دیدگاه معنا شناسی شناختی پرداخت. حرکتی است که در آن، تصویری ممتد از حرکت شئ ثابت در ذهن ایجاد می‌‌‌‌‌‌شود. تالمی (2000a:103) با دیدگاه شناختی به معرفی انواع دسته‌‌‌‌‌‌بندی‌‌‌‌‌‌های حرکت خیالی در زبان انگلیسی در قالب چندین جمله می‌‌‌‌‌‌پردازد. بر این اساس، پژوهش حاضر در بررسی مسیر جهت‌‌‌‌‌‌یابی در حرکت خیالی ابتدا حرکت‌دار بودن جملات مورد بررسی را از دیدگاه گویشور فارسی زبان ارزیابی می‌کند و سپس عنصرحرکت‌‌‌‌‌‌دار جملات را ازدیدگاه آنان مشخص می‌نماید. برای نیل به این مقصود، شانزده جمله به‌طور تصادفی از هریک از دسته‌‌‌‌‌‌بندی‌‌‌‌‌‌های تالمی استخراج و ترجمه شدند. برای هر جمله، جمله‌ای مشابه به‌لحاظ معنایی و متفاوت به‌لحاظ حرکت خیالی ساخته شد و همراه نه جفت جملۀ پرکننده در اختیار شرکت‌کنندگان قرارگرفت تا جمله‌های حاوی حرکت خیالی و عنصر حرکتی مشخص شود. برای برای بررسی کیفیت روایی محتوای آزمون ترجیحی و میزان انطباق جمله‌های ترجمه‌شده با هدف پژوهش، ارزیابی و آزمون مقدماتی با پنج زبانشناس و هشت شرکت‌کننده صورت گرفت. در این پژوهش صدوپنج نفر دانشجو براساس روش نمونه‌‌‌‌‌‌گیری در دسترس شرکت کردند که طی دو مرحله به انتخاب جمله و واژه حرکت‌‌‌‌‌‌دار پرداختند. نتایج حاکی از آن است که 9/86 درصد از شرکت‌کنندگان، جملات حرکت‌‌‌‌‌‌دار را انتخاب کرده‌‌‌‌‌‌اند که گروه حرف اضافه‌‌‌‌‌‌ای با بالاترین میانگین بیشترین حرکت را برای شرکت‌کنندگان تداعی کرده است. همچنین، فعل مرکب پس از گروه حرف اضافه‌‌‌‌‌‌ای تداعی‌‌‌‌‌‌گر بیشترین حرکت برای شرکت‌کنندگان بوده است. با استناد به کثرت وقوع حرف اضافه وگروه حرف اضافه‌‌‌‌‌‌ای، مسیر تداعی‌‌‌‌‌‌گر بیشترین حرکت خیالی در زبان فارسی است.

https://jrl.ui.ac.ir/article_26939_4bc12007628531b3861d12ccac508f3a.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان نشریه پژوهش های زبان شناسی 2322-3413 14 1 2022 04 21 Micro- and Macro-Structures in the Retold Narratives with Script and Non-Script: The Case of Persian-Speaking Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) بررسی ساختارهای خرد و کلان در داستان‌های دارای طرحوارۀ فعال و بدون طرحوارۀ فعال در کودکان فارسی‌زبان با اختلالِ طیفِ اُتیسم 87 106 26972 10.22108/jrl.2022.134525.1672 FA الهه کمری دانش‌آموختۀ دکتری زبان‌شناسی دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، دانشکدۀ ادبیات فارسی و زبان‌های خارجی، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2022 07 30 Abstract Producing cohesive and coherent stories by children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a challenging issue. However, the differences between the stories retold by children with and without ASD may decrease by reducing cognitive and linguistic needs. The present study intended to determine whether the use of scripts that organize stories around shared events can lead to a decrease in children’s problems of narrative retelling. To achieve this goal, the abilities of 19 children with ASD and 26 healthy children in retelling two stories with and without a script were evaluated. The stories were coded in terms of micro- and macro-structures and types of events with and without a script. The findings showed that the performance of the ASD children compared to the healthy ones was significantly weaker in retelling the stories with and without the script in terms of micro- and macro-structures. In general, the stories retold by the children with ASD compared to the healthy children were less cohesive and coherent. The full-scale IQ determined cohesion and coherence of the story retold by the ASD children. In addition, the study of the story with the script showed that the amount of details related to the script performed by children with ASD was comparable to that of the healthy children. However, the use of details without the script by the ASD children compared to the healthy ones was higher. The results of the research revealed that impairment in story narration might be present across narrative types. Keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), monolingual children, story retelling, script Introduction Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in the areas of social communication and restrictive or repetitive behaviors (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). As narrative production is an essential component of social communication, it is not surprising that the past research has found that children with ASD are at particular risk for difficulties with narrative discourse (Stirling, Douglas, Leekham, & Carey, 2014). However, in contrast to our extensive knowledge regarding narrative development in neurotypical (NT) children, narrative production in ASD children has remained a relatively understudied area of research, especially as it relates to the extent that these impairments are pervasive across narrative measures or genres and the mechanisms contributing to these problems. Thus, the current study was designed to gain a more comprehensive understanding of narrative development in children with ASD by examining whether providing more structures in the form of a script framework within a narrative task could facilitate well-formed narratives to be retold by ASD children. Materials and Methods The statistical population of this research included ASD children and healthy children aged 6-12 from Tehran. In general, from among both groups of children (with ASD and normal linguistic growth), 54 children participated in this study. The ASD sample included 19 children from speech therapy clinics of Tehran, who were selected based on some predefined criteria. To select the ASD children, first, 20 children with clinical diagnosis of ASD were identified; however, one of the children was excluded due to inability of speech. The final sample included 17 male and 2 female subjects. The average age of children with ASD was 10 years and 3 months and the mean age of those with normal language development was 9 years and 8 months. The ASD children, who had an IQ score of higher than 70 and were monolingual, were allowed to participate in the study. The average IQ scores of the children with ASD and those with normal language development were 93/5 and 102, respectively. Therefore, there was a significant difference between these two groups of children in terms of intelligence. The clinical diagnoses of all the children with ASD were established via medical evaluation by a pediatrician and/or a licensed clinical psychologist in accordance with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (APA, 2000). ASD symptom severity was determined by using the Childhood Autism Rating Scale, 2nd Edition (CARS-2) (Schopler & Van Bourgondien, 2010), and the Social Responsiveness Scale, 2nd Edition (SRS-2) (Constantino and Gruber, 2012). The children with normal language growth were selected from the public schools of Tehran. The final sample consisted of 26 healthy children (18 boys and 8 girls) with a mean age of 9 years and 9 months and an age range of 6/11-12/11. The groups were matched on non-verbal reasoning and receptive vocabulary. Two different retelling tasks were administered: the stories of “Peter and the Cat” (a non-script-based story) and “A Day at the Movies” (a script-based story). During retelling the stories, the examiner narrated them by showing the pictures of each story. Then, he gave the children the picture story books and asked them to retell their stories in the best way. Afterwards, 2 trained researchers transcribed all the recordings. The transcription reliabilities between the two coders were 0.87 and 0.88 for the mentioned stories, respectively. The following micro-structure measures were generated: productivity (number of total words), lexical diversity (number of different words), and grammatical complexity (Mean Length of Utterance (MLU)). Using the manual of the first story (Leitao & Allan, 2003), each narrative was additionally coded for the 5 micro-structure components of vocabulary, connectors, references, adverbials, and story register and 2 macro-structure components of structure and content. Then, additional composite scores were created: overall narrative coherence (structure + content) and cohesion (connectors + references + adverbials). Finally, to gain a better understanding of the children’s knowledge of script events, the script-based story was coded for inclusion of the script and non-script details. Discussion of Results and Conclusions The results of this research revealed evidence of the prevalence of story-related impairments in children with ASD and showed that this group of children faced many problems in telling not only fictional stories, but also script-based stories. In line with Capps et al. (2000) and king et al. (2014), the script-based and non-script-based stories narrated by the ASD children compared to their normal peers had lower syntactic and semantic complexities (Novogrodsky, 2013; Norbury & Bishop, 2003 and Suh et al., 2014). Also, there were higher probabilities of shorter utterances, inappropriate use or referential expressions to mark characters, use of simple temporal connectors (e.g., then and later) instead of causal connectors (e.g., since) to link events, and use of a narrower range of phrases to help to maintain the listener’s bias throughout the story by the ASD children compared to those with normal language development. In contrast, productivity and lexical diversity were the relative strengths of the children with ASD. The underlying internal script framework in the script-based story did not appear to support the children’s abilities to tell a more coherent and cohesive script-based narrative. Instead, a number of narrative impairments seemed to be persistent across the story type. Analysis of the type of information the children included during retelling of the script-based story indicated that the ASD children were on par with their NT peers with regard to recalling the essential script elements. This finding corroborated the previous work suggesting that high-functioning children with ASD have an adequate understanding of the core elements of familiar events (Trillingsgaard, 1999 and Loth et al., 2008). Our results suggested that, at least in the context of narrative recall, ASD children are able to utilize script knowledge in the same way as their healthy peers. The present results demonstrated that impairments in narrative coherence and cohesion were present across the script and non-script narratives in the ASD children even during performing the tasks. Our findings also provided a better understanding of script or event-schema knowledge in ASD children. Furthermore, the current study confirmed the importance of considering FSIQ and receptive language when studying the narrative abilities of children with ASD. The present research highlighted the need for narrative interventions that can specifically encourage clarity of pronouns and use of connectors and adverbials and overtly teach story coherence across different narrative genres. Thus, developing interventions to support the narrative abilities and event knowledge of children with ASD may have widespread consequences. تولید داستان‌های منسجم و پیوسته برای کودکان با اختلال طیف اُتیسم موضوعی پرچالش است. با این ‌وجود، تفاوت‌های بین داستان‌های روایت‌شده توسط کودکان با و بدون اختلالِ طیفِ اُتیسم ممکن است با کاهش نیازهای شناختی و زبانی کاهش پیدا کند. از این ‌رو، پژوهش حاضر بر آن است تا مشخص کند که آیا استفاده از طرحوارۀ فعال که داستان را حول رویدادهای مشترکی سازماندهی می‌کند، می‌تواند منجر به کاهش مشکلات کودکان در روایت داستان ‌شود یا خیر. در راستای دستیابی به این هدف، توانایی 19 کودک با اختلال طیف اُتیسم و 26 کودک سالم در بازگویی دو داستان که یکی از آن‌ها دارای طرحوارۀ فعال (طرحوارۀ فعال سینما رفتن) و دیگری بدون طرحوارۀ فعال بود، ارزیابی شد. داستان‌ها از نظر ساختارهای ریز و کلان و نوع رویدادهای دارای طرحوارۀ فعال و بدون طرحوارۀ فعال رمزگذاری شدند. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان داد که عملکرد کودکان با اختلالِ طیفِ اُتیسم در مقایسه با کودکان سالم به‌طور معنی‌داری هم در داستان دارای طرحوارۀ فعال و هم در داستان بدون طرحوارۀ فعال برحسب تولید ساختارهای ریز و ‌ساختارهای کلان ضعیف‌تر بود. به‌طورکلی، داستان‌های روایت‌شده توسط کودکان با اختلالِ طیفِ اُتیسم در مقایسه با کودکان سالم انسجام و پیوستگی کمتری داشتند. مقیاس کامل ضریب هوشی تعیین‌کنندۀ انسجام و پیوستگی داستان در کودکان با اختلالِ طیفِ اُتیسم بود. علاوه‌بر این، بررسی داستان‌ دارای طرحوارۀ فعال نشان داد که میزان استفاده از جزئیات مربوط به طرحوارۀ فعال توسط کودکان با اختلالِ طیفِ اُتیسم مانند کودکان سالم بود. با این ‌وجود، میزان استفاده از جزئیات بدون طرحوارۀ فعال در کودکان با اختلالِ طیفِ اُتیسم در مقایسه با کودکان سالم کمتر بود. نتایج پژوهش نشان می‌دهد آسیب در روایت داستان ممکن است در انواع داستان‌ها وجود داشته باشد.

https://jrl.ui.ac.ir/article_26972_6c714ace128a0cb7ba03dca672bf728e.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان نشریه پژوهش های زبان شناسی 2322-3413 14 1 2022 04 21 Nominalization and Lowered Perception of Agency in Discourse: An Empirical Study اسم‌سازی و کاهش ادراک عاملیت در گفتمان: مطالعه‌ای تجربی 107 128 27116 10.22108/jrl.2022.135491.1680 FA رامین گلشائی گروه زبان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات، دانشگاه الزهرا، تهران، ایران فاطمه سادات حسینی گروه زبان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات، دانشگاه الزهرا، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2022 10 24 Abstract Could the way an event is encoded in language affect people’s perception of the responsibility attributed to the agent of the event? This article aimed to empirically investigate the effect of nominalization on the participants’ perception of the responsibility attributed to an agent in discourse. To answer the research question, two tasks were designed. In the first task, 331 participants read two scenarios, namely “An Accident in the Restaurant” and “Environmental Pollution”, in two nominalized and non-nominalized versions. Then, they answered two questions regarding the responsibility of the agent in bringing about the accident and the amount of damage on a Likert scale. The results showed that the nominalized version of the Restaurant scenario had caused participants to rate the responsibility of the agent in the accident significantly lower than in the non-nominalized version. No effect of nominalization was found for either question in the Environment scenario, nor for the question asking about the amount of damage in the Restaurant scenario. In order to test the reliability of the observed effect, a second task was designed in which an accident happened in an interview session. One hundred forty-six new participants participated in the second task. The results of the second task showed the same patterns as in the first task. Participants had rated the responsibility of the agent in the nominalized version of the scenario significantly lower compared to their responsibility in the non-nominalized version. The findings confirm the role of nominalization in concealing agency in discourse. Keywords: Nominalization, Agency, Causation, Discourse Comprehension, Language and Thought Introduction Nominalization is a process that converts a verb or an adjective into a noun. This conversion (in the case of verbs) usually results in the removal or concealment of agency and temporal information of the event (Machin & Mayr, 2012). The removal of agency in nominalizations leads to one of its important and ideological functions in discourse: hiding responsibility in causal events. Critical linguists have long been interested in the ideological effects of nominalization in analyzing texts and discourse (e.g., Dunmire, 2011; Fairclough, 2003; Fowler, 1991). Yet, the cognitive effects of nominalization in obscuring responsibility of agents are not sufficiently explored. In this article, we empirically tested the hypothesis that nominalization lowers the perception of responsibility attributed to the agent of an event. Materials and Methods To test the research hypothesis, two tasks were designed following in part the method used by Fausey & Boroditsky (2010). In the first task, 331 participants read two scenarios, namely “An Accident in the Restaurant” and “Environmental Pollution”, one in the nominalized and the other in the non-nominalized form. In each scenario, an agent accidentally causes some damage to objects. After the participants read the scenario, they answered two questions regarding the responsibility of the agent in bringing about the accident and the amount of damage on a 9-point Likert scale. The second task was designed to test the reliability of the observed effects in the first task. In the second task, the scale points of the “amount of damage” question were converted to quantitative monetary units and also a new scenario called “Interview” was constructed. One hundred forty-six new participants participated in the second task. In the non-nominalized versions of the scenarios, 6 active verbs were used. In the nominalized versions of the scenarios, the active verbs used in the non-nominalized group were converted into nominalized verbs. All the remaining words were identical in the nominalized and non-nominalized versions. Four lists were created and participants were assigned to one of the lists. In the first list, participants saw one of the scenarios in the nominalized and the other scenario in the non-nominalized from. In the second list, they saw the same scenarios as in the first list but with the order of scenarios and questions reversed. The order of scenarios and questions were reversed to control the possible order effect. In the third list, the scenarios of the first list that were in the nominalized form were changed to non-nominalized form and vice versa. The fourth list reversed the order of scenarios and questions of the third list. Participants were told to read the scenarios and mark any point on the scale they find appropriate. They were told there were no correct and incorrect answers. The task took approximately 5 minutes to complete. Discussion of Results and Conclusions The collected data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test in R (R Core Team, 2022). The results of the first task showed that the nominalized version of the Restaurant scenario had caused participants to rate the responsibility of the agent in the accident significantly lower than its responsibility in the non-nominalized version (W=16831, p<.001, r=0.2). No effect of nominalization was found for either question in the Environment scenario, nor for the question asking about the amount of damage in the Restaurant scenario. The results of the second task mirrored the results in the first task. Participants had rated the responsibility of the agent in the nominalized version of the scenario significantly lower compared to their responsibility in the non-nominalized version (W=4063.5, p<.001, r=0.46). In general, the findings confirmed the role of nominalization in concealing agency and responsibility in discourse (e.g., Fairclough, 2003, 2015; Fowler, 1991; Fowler et al., 2018). The results also showed that nominalization had no effect on the assessment of damage. One possible explanation could be that the relationship between an action (encoded as a verb) and its resulting damage is not directly reflected in language. This would have caused participants not to be affected by the nominalized/non-nominalized forms of the verb in assessing the damage. By contrast, since the responsibility of the agent is encoded in the verb in the form of active vs. nominalized verbs, participants have possibly found it perceptually salient. Thus, their answer to the responsibility question has been affected accordingly. The fact that no nominalization effect was found in the Environment scenario also needs explanation. One possibility is that familiar topics like environmental pollution are part of people’s background knowledge and people attend less to the textual details such as the use of nominalizations when they are reading familiar topics. Second possibility would be the inanimacy of the agent in the Environment scenario which would have caused participants to have an obscured perception of agency in the first place. Further research is needed to examine these hypotheses in detail. In this study, we empirically explored the effect of nominalization on the perception of agency in discourse. Our results showed that nominalized verbs caused significantly lower degrees of responsibility attribution to agents than did active verbs. The findings confirm the ideological effect of nominalization in hiding agency and responsibility. Texts full with nominalizations should raise suspicions for possible evasion of responsibility. The findings also underline the influence linguistic structures can exercise on thought and perception even within a language. آیا نوع صورت‌بندی زبانی یک رویداد می‌تواند بر ادراک افراد از میزان مسئولیتی که متوجه عامل رویداد است تأثیر بگذارد؟ در این پژوهش تأثیر اسم‌سازی بر قضاوت افراد از میزان مسئولیت عامل در گفتمان بررسی شده است. برای پاسخ به پرسش پژوهش، دو تکلیف طراحی شدند. در تکلیف اول تعداد 331 آزمودنی دو سناریو با موضوع حادثه در رستوران و آلودگی محیط‌زیست را یک بار در قالب افعال معلوم و یک بار در قالب افعال اسم‌سازی‌شده خواندند و میزان مقصر بودن عامل و میزان خسارت واردشده را در قالب طیف لیکرت قضاوت کردند. نتایج نشان داد آزمودنی‌ها عامل نسخۀ دارای اسم‌سازی از سناریوی «رستوران» را به‌طور معنی‌داری کمتر مقصر شناختند. اما در سناریوی «محیط ‌زیست» تفاوت معنی‌داری در مقصر دانستن عامل در حالت اسم‌سازی و فاقد اسم‌سازی مشاهده نشد. همچنین، میزان صدمة واردشده نیز در هر دو نسخه از سناریوهای «رستوران» و «محیط ‌زیست» فاقد تفاوت معنی‌دار بود. به‌منظور اطمینان از پایایی اثر مشاهده‌شده در سناریوی «رستوران»، تکلیف دومی مشابه با تکلیف نخست و با موضوع حادثه در جلسۀ مصاحبه طراحی شد و پرسش خسارت این بار با گزینه‌های ریالی طرح شد. در این تکلیف 146 آزمودنی غیر از آزمودنی‌های تکلیف اول به پرسش‌ها پاسخ دادند. نتایج نشان داد، همانند سناریوی «رستوران»، آزمودنی‌ها به‌طور معنی‌داری میزان مقصر بودن عامل در نسخة دارای اسم‌سازی را کمتر ارزیابی کردند؛ اما تفاوت معنی‌داری در پاسخ به میزان خسارت یافت نشد. یافته‌های این پژوهش نقش اسم‌سازی در کم‌رنگ‌سازی میزان عاملیت در گفتمان را تأیید می‌کند.

https://jrl.ui.ac.ir/article_27116_43efd8640e126ee422bde99fcad8d5c1.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان نشریه پژوهش های زبان شناسی 2322-3413 14 1 2022 04 21 An Investigation of the Micro- and Macro-Structures of Narratives by Bilingual Kurdish-Persian Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) بررسی عناصر ریزساختار و کلان‌ساختار داستان‌های روایت‌شده توسط کودکان دوزبانۀ کردی-فارسی‌زبان با اختلالِ طیفِ اُتیسم 129 152 27127 10.22108/jrl.2022.135462.1679 FA سمیه مروتی دانشجوی دکتری زبانشناسی همگانی، واحد ایلام، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ایلام، ایران علی جمالی استادیارگروه زبان و ادبیات انگلیسی، واحد ایلام، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ایلام، ایران Journal Article 2022 10 23 Abstract The present study investigated the effects of bilingualism and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) on children’s abilities to narrate a story. To this aim, the stories narrated by monolingual and bilingual Kurdish-Persian-speaking children with and without ASD were compared. They were given a set of 3 picture cards depicting a scenario and were asked to sequence the cards and tell a story. Then, their language productions (number of utterances and total number of words), macrostructures (appropriate sequencing of events, number of events mentioned, and coherence), and microstructures (character introductions, maintenance of referential terms, use of grammatical gender, and use of connectives) were measured. The findings showed that the bilinguals produced more utterances compared to the monolinguals despite having marginally lower receptive vocabulary scores in Persian. Also, the typically-developing children provided more coherent narratives. No significant differences were found in their microstructures. There were no decrements in the narratives of the monolingual and bilingual children with and without ASD. In fact, an increased number of utterances were found in the bilinguals’ narratives. The current findings suggested that bilingualism does not negatively affect narrative skills in children with ASD. Keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Bilingualism, Narrative, Microstructure, Macrostructure Introduction Recent studies have demonstrated that bilingually-exposed children with ASD do not present additional language delays compared with monolingual children with ASD (Drysdale et al., 2015). However, most evidence on language development in bilingually-exposed children with ASD to date has been related to the early stages of language development prior to age 6 by using standardized measures, but we know very little about more sophisticated aspects of language use, i.e., discourse and narrative. In the present study, short narratives produced by 4 groups of school-age children, i.e., bilingual and monolingual children with ASD and bilingual and monolingual typically-developing children in a picture-sequencing task, were compared. Creating a narrative requires coordination of multiple levels of language. The broadest level, which is called macrostructure, refers to the global coherence of narratives. Conversely, microstructure is defined by smaller linguistic levels, i.e., anaphoric reference and use of connectives, which are necessary for maintaining local cohesion throughout the narrative (Hickmann, 1995). Therefore, the analysis of narratives allows for the study of a diverse range of language skills, some of which may be impacted by being bilingual and/or having an ASD. Materials and Methods The current study was a descriptive-analytical, quantitative, and empirical research. The statistical population of this study consisted of 7-9-year-old monolingual and bilingual children with and without ASD. From among the 4 groups of bilingual and monolingual children with and without ASD, 20 boys with an average age of 8 years and 1 month participated as the research sample. The children with ASD were selected based on some predefined criteria. The bilingual ASD children’s mother tongue was Kalhori Kurdish and their second language was Persian. They were speaking both languages at home and school. The monolingual Persian-speaking children were also selected from the same centers. According to their parents’ reports, these children spoke Persian in the home environment. The normal bilingual children were randomly selected from a public school in the city of Eyvan. These children also used both Kurdish and Persian languages in home and school settings. The bilingual normal children were selected via purposeful sampling from the public school in the mentioned city. These children only spoke Persian in home and school settings. Their nonverbal IQs (NVIQs) were assessed by using the Leiter-R (Roid & Miller, 1997) and only those with a score of greater than 80 were included in the study. The children with ASD had a clinical diagnosis from licensed clinicians or multidisciplinary groups of specialists from health care institutions. To confirm ASD symptomatology, a Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) (Rutter et al., 2003) was administered. The 4 groups of children did not differ significantly in age, NVIQ, and maternal education (as a proxy for SES). Also, the monolinguals and bilinguals with ASD did not differ significantly in their autism symptoms. The procedure of performing the study was giving 3 sets of images that portrayed a scene, for example, a girl baking a cake or constructing a sand castle on the beach (3 cards for each set), to each of the subjects at home or in a silent room at the rehabilitation center. The children were asked to put the cards in the logical order and then tell a story according to that arrangement. Narrations of the stories were videotaped for later analysis. Two other researchers, both of whom were bilingual, witnessed the stories narrated by them as well. The numbers of utterances and words in the stories were calculated as the quantitative scale of language production. An adapted version of the NSS (Narrative Scoring Scheme), as well as an assessment tool for narratives (Miller et al., 2003), was utilized to analyze the macro- and micro-structures. 25% of the data (12 picture sequences: 3 sequences for each group of 4 participants) were double-coded by the first and second authors. The inter-rater reliability of the total score was calculated, which resulted in the agreement of 97/6% between the scores. Moreover, the discrepancies between the scores were discussed and resolved through consensus. Then, the data of the remaining participants were coded by the first author, who was blind to both diagnosis and language exposure status. Discussion of Results and Conclusions The results of research in the macrostructure section were in line with those obtained by Losh & Capps (2003) and Norbury & Bishop (2003): children with normal linguistic growth compared to their peers with ASD had higher scores on coherence measures. These results were also congruent with those achieved by Diehl et al. (2006), who showed that the stories narrated by the subjects with ASD included the main elements of the story but lacked coherence. Consistent with the findings of Loveland et al. (1990), some of the stories narrated by the children with ASD included irrelevant contents. There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of microstructural elements, which was not unexpected given that all the subjects had lexical scores at a normal or above the normal level. Furthermore, the effect sizes were negligible in some sub-scales of the microstructure elements. For example, the children with a normal language development regularly identified the main character of the story as a new dynamic, i.e., by using a nominal group or noun. On the other hand, in line with the findings of the research conducted by Norbury and Bishop (2003), the ASD groups used more pronouns to introduce the story characters. Children in all the groups had better performance in using inappropriate references to the objects compared to appropriate references to the characters though there are some exceptions. Interestingly, no main effects or interactions related to the language exposure (bilingual vs. monolingual) were observed in the macrostructure and microstructure elements. Consistent with the results obtained by Kunnari et al. (2014), Squires et al. (2014), and Tsimpli et al. (2016), the only difference observed in language exposure was the increase in the number of utterances produced by the bilingual compared to the monolingual children. Thus, bilingualism did not negatively impact narrative abilities in either group. This finding is of great importance for bilingual children with ASD because of their open-ended expressive language skills. Along with the evidence from Baldimtsi et al. (2016) on narrative, the findings of the current investigation rejected the negative effect of bilingualism on the language development of children with ASD. Instead, these findings supported bilingual education and child-rearing for ASD children from bilingual families or societies. In such cases, limiting a child’s linguistic environment to one language can result in significant negative social, emotional, and linguistic repercussions (Fernandezy Garcia et al., 2012). When this language is not a native language, parents may become more reluctant to speak it to their children and provide them with sub-optimal language models or may be less socially responsive to it, thus reducing their children’s language inputs. Hence, one-language practices themselves can be inadvertently detrimental to language development. پژوهش حاضر تأثیر دوزبانگی و اختلالِ طیفِ اُتیسم بر روایت داستان را در کودکان بررسی کرده است. به این منظور، داستان‌های روایت‌شده توسط کودکان دوزبانۀ کردی-فارسی‌زبانِ با اختلالِ طیفِ اُتیسم و بدون اختلالِ طیفِ اُتیسم و کودکان تک‌زبانۀ با اختلالِ طیفِ اُتیسم و بدون اختلالِ طیفِ اُتیسم ارزیابی شدند. آزمودنی‌های پژوهش، یک داستانِ مصورِ سه صحنه‌ای را که هر صحنه از آن، روی یک کارت نشان داده شده بود، نگاه می‌کردند و همزمان با مرتب کردنِ ترتیبِ آن صحنه‌ها، شروع به روایت داستان ‌کردند. تولید زبان (تعداد پاره‌گفتار‌ها، تعداد کل واژه‌ها)، عناصر کلان‌ساختار (ترتیب مناسب رویدادها، تعداد رویدادهای ذکرشده و پیوستگی) عناصر ریزساختار (معرفی شخصیت، حفظ ارجاع و استفاده از حروف ربط) ارزیابی شدند. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان داد که از نظر تولید زبان کودکان دوزبانه در مقایسه با کودکان تک‌زبانه، پاره‌گفتارهای بیشتری تولید کردند. از نظر عناصر کلان‌ساختار، کودکان طبیعی داستان‌های پیوسته‌تری تولید کردند. بین گروه‌ها از نظر عناصر ریزساختار تفاوت آماری معنی‌داری مشاهده نشد. همچنین، یافته‌های پژوهش نشان داد که تعداد پاره‌گفتار‌های داستان‌های روایت‌شده توسط آزمودنی‌های دوزبانه (با اختلالِ طیفِ اُتیسم و بدون اختلالِ طیفِ اُتیسم) در مقایسه با تعداد آن‌ها در کودکان تک‌زبانه (با و بدون اختلالِ طیفِ اُتیسم) با افزایش همراه بوده است. نتایج پژوهش حاکی از آن است که دوزبانگی تأثیر منفی بر مهارت‌های کودکان با اختلالِ طیفِ اُتیسم ندارد.

https://jrl.ui.ac.ir/article_27127_e4a3bd2abe13b7765d8e688bb092141d.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان نشریه پژوهش های زبان شناسی 2322-3413 14 1 2022 04 21 Similative and Equative Constructions in Lori Silakhori Dialect ساخت‌های تشبیهی و همسانی در لری سیلاخوری 153 172 27158 10.22108/jrl.2022.135776.1686 FA فرهاد معزی پور استادیار، گروه زبان‌های خارجی، دانشکده صنایع و مدیریت، دانشگاه صنعتی شاهرود، شاهرود، ایران پریسا نجفی دکتری زبان‌شناسی، گروه زبان شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران Journal Article 2022 11 18 Abstract The concept of comparison is expressed in the form of various linguistic constructions. Among the different types of comparative constructions, we can mention similative and equative constructions. In these constructions, two referential phrases, which are called comparee and standard, are compared with each other in terms of a shared characteristic (parameter). Equatives express equal extents and similatives express equal manners. In the present essay, we attempted to discuss and investigate the similative and equative constructions in Lori Silakhori. The findings confirm that the speakers mainly use 3 types of strategies to express the concept of similarity and 8 types of strategies to encode the concept of equality in Lori Silakhori. Also, the data show that there is a tendency to remove the parameter in both constructions, especially similative construction. In addition, due to the free nature of lexical order in Lori Silakhuri, it is not possible to introduce a fixed order for the elements in similative and equative constructions. Keywords: Lori silakhori, Similative construction, Equative construction, Comparison, Word order Introduction Both equative and simulative constructions have formal and semantic similarities. Equative paraphrases express equal extents and similatives express equal manners (Haspelmath & Bacholz, 1998). Notice the following examples: Sam runs like Chita. Sam is as tall as Anne. Example 1 is a simulative construction and describes Sam's running manner, which is exemplified by the way Chita runs. Example 2 shows a situation, in which two referents have the same extents of a feature: Sam is tall to the same extent as Anne. The mentioned feature is a concept word usually called adjective), which is called “parameter”. Both simulative and equative constructions represent kinds of evaluation of a “comparee” by using another person or thing as a “standard”. In such constructions, there are other components in addition to comparee, parameter, and standard. Equative standard-marker (Component 4) is a marker that is closely related to the standard. Besides, there would be an equative degree-marker (Component 2) in constructions, specifically equative construction; it is a marker that is closely associated with the parameter (Haspelmath, 2017). The purpose of the present study was to provide a description and analysis of similative and equative constructions in Lori Silakhori. Silakhor is the largest plain of Lorestan Province in the west of Iran. There are different languages and dialects in the region of Silakhor, one of which is Lori Silakhori Dialect. Most of the villages on Silakhor Plain and a large number of the people of Dorud Area speak this dialect. Turkish language is also popular in some villages on the northern border of Silakhor (Barani, 2011). The word order in Silakhori Dialect is the same as that of Persian language and has the dominant lexical order of SOV. In the present research, we intended to answer the following questions: What constructions do Lori Silakhori speakers use to express the concept of similarity? In what way(s) is the concept of equality represented in Lori Silakhori? Materials and Methods As it was mentioned earlier, the aim of the present study was to provide a description and analysis of similative and equative constructions in Lori Silakhori. To achieve this goal, a total of 117 sentences of equative constructions and 81 sentences of similative constructions in Silakhor Region were prepared through oral interviews with 6 native speakers. Then, we analyzed the data based on the methods and typologies of equative and similative constructions proposed by Haspelmath (2017) and Nose (2008). Discussion of Results and Conclusions We found 3 type of similative constructions in Silakhori: Examples Types of similative construction Menitaʃesori-a. Like fire red be-3g Lit: s/he is like red fire. (s/he is very mischievous). Type 1) Comparee + SM + Standard ʔoxar-eː-a. s/he donk- i.a -be-3g s/he is a fool. Type 2) Comparee + standard Korvɑxoʃbord-a. boy with Ref.3g gone. PERF.3g The boy looks like his father. Type 3) comparee + SM + standard + P.P form of the verbs (bordan/ raftan/ mɑnestan) We also found 8 types of equative constructions in Silakhori: Examples Types of equative construction Jur boa-ʃ badaxlaG-a. S.M father-his grumpy-be.3g He is grumpy like his father. Type 1) comparee + parameter (predicative) + SM + standard Nargesvebolen-Izenabمعیارhisa/ hi. Narges to height-EZ Zenab be.3sg Narges is as tall as Zenab. Type 2) comparee + DM + parameter (predicative) + SM + standard * Only if we consider the Ezafe to be a standard marker in a structure like “ve + parameter + [EZ + standard]”. [zemeson-o pai:z] [Gade ham/ yak]sard-an. Winter and autumn equally each other cold-be.3pl Winter and autumn are equally cold. Type 3) [comparee + standard] + DM + parameter (predicative) Reza dezerengivehɑdi me-res-a. Reza in clever to Hadi IMP-reach-PRES.1sg Reza reaches Hadi in cleverness/ Reza is as clever as Hadi. Type 4) comparee + parameter + standard + verbs of reaching/ going/ bringing [hardo-ʃo] dexoue:yaki-an. Both-OBJ.PRO in goodness equal-be.3pl Both of them are equally good. Type 5) [comparee + standard] + parameter + standard + verbs of reaching/ going/ equaling Boleni (Gad) maryamvedɑ:-ʃ ne-me-res-a. Height (tall) Maryam to mother-her NEG-IMP.M-reach-be.3sg Lit: Maryam’s height doesn’t reach her mother/ Maryam is not as tall as her mother. Type 6) [comparee + parameter] + standard + SM + verbs of going/ reaching oGadkealiمzereng-a berɑr -eʃtambal-a. Rel.PRO that Ali clever be.3sgbrother-his lazy be.3sg Lit: As much that Ali is smart, his brother is lazy/ As smart as Ali is, his brother is lazy. Type 7) relative pronoun + standard + parameter1 + comparee + parameter2. Zahraʧanimɑh-a. Zahra how moon-be.3g Lit: how beautiful (moon) is Zahra/ Zahra is as beautiful as the moon. Type 8) comparee + how + standard The data showed that Lori Silakhori used 8 strategies to express evaluation of equality. Regarding similative constructions, the authors proved the existence of 3 strategies as well. Among the types of similative constructions, copular constructions with the similative marker are considered unmarked, but in Lori Silakhori, simple clauses with verbs, such as bordan and mɑnstan, can be used as the main predicate, in which there are no similative markers. مفهوم مقایسه در قالب ساخت‌های زبانی متنوعی بیان می‌شود. از انواع مختلف ساخت‌های مقایسه‌ای می‌توان به ساخت‌های تشبیهی و ساخت‌های همسانی اشاره کرد. در این ساخت‌ها دو گروه ارجاعی که مقایسه‌شونده و معیار نامیده می‌شوند، به علت داشتن یک ویژگی یا صفت با یکدیگر مقایسه می‌شوند. در ساخت‌های همسانی مقایسه از جهت میزان یا اندازۀ صفت در دو گروه ارجاعی است؛ اما در ساخت‌های تشبیهی مقایسه از جهت شیوه یا حالت است. در جستار حاضر تلاش شد تا انواع ساخت‌های همسانی و تشبیهی در گویش لری سیلاخوری بحث و بررسی شود. در این راستا، به‌طور عمده از آرا و روش‌شناسی هسپلمت (2017) بهره برده‌ایم. داده‌های پژوهش حاضر متشکل از 117 جمله از ساخت‌های همسانی و 81 جمله از ساخت‌های تشبیهی از شش گویشور در منطقۀ سیلاخور هستند که ازطریق مصاحبۀ شفاهی تهیه شده‌اند. یافته‌ها مؤید آن است که گویشوران عمدتاً از سه نوع راهبرد برای بیان مفهوم تشبیه و هشت نوع راهبرد برای رمزگذاری مفهوم همسانی در لری سیلاخوری استفاده می‌کنند. همچنین، داده‌ها نشان می‌دهند که گرایشی در جهت حذف پارامتر در هردو ساخت و به‌خصوص ساخت‌های تشبیهی وجود دارد.

https://jrl.ui.ac.ir/article_27158_69d9817a29697563931d090a8a141879.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان نشریه پژوهش های زبان شناسی 2322-3413 14 1 2022 04 21 A Corpus of Light Verb Constructions in Persian پیکرۀ ساخت‌های فعل سبک زبان فارسی 173 198 27235 10.22108/jrl.2023.135758.1685 FA مهدیه اسحاقی پژوهشگر پسادکتری زبان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران غلامحسین کریمی‌دوستان استاد زبان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2022 11 15 Abstract A linguistic corpus is a collection of linguistic data derived from language texts, which represent the real patterns of language use to the researchers. The priority of the corpus over other linguistic resources stems from the amount of data it represents and the possibility of computer use in linguistic studies. In the present study, an annotated monolingual linguistic corpus of Light Verb Constructions (LVCs) of Persian language (LCP) developed by the authors was introduced. The corpus contained more than 6000 LVCs, which were used in more than 2000000 linguistic contexts. Just a comparison of the number of LVCs with the number of simple verbs in Persian is enough to indicate the importance of these types of language resources. This annotated corpus presented LVCs formed by 21 Persian Light Verbs (LVs) that are used in real contexts. This unprecedented work has the capacity to easily provide a large computational bulk of various data for the researchers to assess the existing hypotheses and put forward the new ones. Keywords: Persian Language, Language Resources, Linguistic Corpus, Light Verb Constructions, Natural Language Processing Introduction Light verbs are a group of verbs that have lost part of their semantic contents during language evolution. These so-called light verbs in combination with a preverbal element like a noun, adjective, or prepositional phrase form Light Verb Constructions (LVCs) in Persian. The study of LVCs is important not only theoretically, but also practically. The verbal system of Persian largely consists of LVCs and it doubles the importance of their study in this language. Nevertheless, many studies have pointed out the challenges that Persian LVCs pose for computational systems. They have emphasized the lack of appropriate computer resources and the necessity of studies that provide the researchers with their standard language patterns in this language (Maerefat, 2004; Hasas Sediqi, 2010; Taslimipoor, 2012; Askariyan, 2012, and Barfi, 2016 among others). Although there are already valuable Persian corpora developed by specialists like Bijan Khan (2004, 2018), Asi (2005), and Al-e-Ahmad et al. (2010) in this field, there is no corpus to comprehensively represent LVCs of all productive Persian Light Verbs (LVs). The only available corpus dealing with Persian LVCs is PresPred (Samvellian & Faqiri, 2013), which represents those consisting of one of the twenty-one productive Persian LVs (Zadan). To address this need, we developed the first corpus for Persian LVCs.[1] This annotated corpus presented the LVCs formed by 21 Persian LVs that are used in real contexts. The present unprecedented work has the capacity to readily provide a large computational bulk of various data for researchers. Materials and Methods Development of the present corpus experienced the following steps: designing the structure of the corpus, selecting a corpus as a basis, normalizing the texts, defining the search nodes, writing macro codes in Visual Basic Analysis (VBA) language for preparing the search software, extracting all the sentences containing the verbs under investigation (regardless of being light or lexical verbs), extracting the sentences with LVCs, and finally selecting an annotation model and applying it to the results. It was designed to be a synchronic monolingual corpus of Persian LVCs. We chose a corpus developed by Bijan Khan (2018) as a basis. It was developed in the Research Institute of Information and Communication Technology and contained 950000 text files. First, we normalized the texts and then used VBA macro codes to extract the LVCs consisting of 21 Persian LVs ( da:shtan: have, kardan: do, shodan: become, gashtan: turn, goza:shtan: put, keshidan: pull, didan: see, da:dan: give, bakhshidan: give, grant, gereftan: get, yaftan: obtain, ?a:madan: come, ?a:vardan: bring, residan: arrive, raftan: go, ?ofta:dan: fall, ?anda:khtan: throw, bordan: take, khordan: collide, zadan: hit, and bastan: tie). then, constituency test (topicalization, coordination, deletion, and substitution) was applied to distinguish LVCs from lexical verbs. Annotation of LVCs has been done at the word level within a Distributed Morphology setting (Halle & Marantz, 1993 and Marantz, 2013). Preverbal elements and LVs were considered as categoryless elements (annotated as Pre-Verbs (PVs)) and categorizers (annotated as LVs), respectively. In addition, the present and past lemmas of each LVC were given and their separability/inseparability was annotated as SEP/INSEP. It should be noted that in line with Karimi-Doostan (2011), the cases, in which preverbal elements and LVs were broken by a negative particle (neg), the imperfective morpheme (mi), modals and auxiliaries, such as ba:yad (should, must), xa:stan (will) as a future auxiliary verb, and da:sˇtan (to have) as a progressive auxiliary verb, as well as clitic pronouns like –esˇ (it), were annotated as INSEP. Table 1 represents these tags and the colors used for each of them. Discussion of Results and Conclusion Light Verb Constructions (LVCs) as a subset of complex or multi-word predicates are among the most challenging topics of language. The present study developed a monolingual corpus of Persian LVCs with the aim of providing the researchers with a large computational bulk of data related to these challenging constructions and improving the authenticity of the studies conducted in this field. The present corpus included about 6000 LVCs in more than 2000000 contexts. In contrast, the number of Lexical verbs in Persian is about 200. The comparison highlighted how significant this kind of linguistic resource could be for a language and its researchers. They can be used in machine translation, artificial intelligence and language processing programs, data recovery programs, language learning, grammar books, and dictionaries. [1]. The corpus of Light Verb Constructions of Persian is available at https://literature.ut.ac.ir/compound-verb. پیکرۀ زبانی مجموعه‌ای بزرگ از داده‌های زبانی مبتنی بر کاربرد سخنوران زبان‌هاست که الگوهای واقعی کاربرد زبانی را در اختیار پژوهشگران قرار می‌دهند. برتری پیکره‌ها در مقایسه با سایر منابع داده‌ای علاوه بر حجم زیاد داده‌، ایجاد امکان به‌کارگیری رایانه در بررسی‌های زبانی است. مقالۀ حاضر به معرفی اولین پیکرۀ ساخت‌های فعل سبک زبان فارسی می‌پردازد. آشنایی با ماهیت این ساخت‌ها و دسترسی به فهرستی از آن‌ها، علاوه بر اهمیت نظری به‌لحاظ کاربردی نیزحائز اهمیت است. این یافته‌ها در حوزۀ بررسی‌های هوش مصنوعی مرتبط با پردازش زبان‌های طبیعی، ترجمۀ ماشینی، آموزش زبان فارسی، دستورنویسی و فرهنگ‌نگاری کاربرد می‌یابد. پیکرۀ هدف این پژوهش «پیکرۀ زبانی ساخت‌های فعل‌سبک زبان فارسی» یا LCP نام دارد. برای ایجاد آن پیکرۀ تک‌زبانۀ پژوهشگاه ارتباطات و فناوری اطلاعات (بی‌جن‌خان، 1397) که حاوی 950000 فایل متنی است، به‌عنوان پیکرۀ مبنا برگزیده شد. ساخت‌های فعلی مرکب مربوط به 21 فعل سبک زایای زبان فارسی از آن استخراج ‌شده است و پس از برچسب‌زنی در چارچوب صرف توزیعی (Halle & Marantz, 1993; Marantz, 2013) در قالب پیکره‌ای مشتمل بر بیش از 6000 ساخت فعل سبک در بیش از 2000000 بافت زبانی ارائه شده است که در بیش از 200000 بافت زبانی ارائه شده‌اند. مقایسۀ تعداد فعل‌های واژگانی زبان فارسی با تعداد ساخت‌های فعل سبک موجود در پیکرۀ حاضر، بدیهی‌ترین عاملی است که وجود چنین پیکره‌ای در میان منابع زبان فارسی را ضرورت می‌بخشد. از سوی دیگر، ماهیت این پیکره، یعنی نمایش ساخت‌های فعل سبک در بافت‌های زبانی متفاوت، می‌تواند به پژوهشگران در یافتن پاسخ پرسش‌های موجود در رابطه با این ساخت‌ها، رد یا تأیید فرضیه‌ها و طرح نظریه‌های جدید کمک کند.

https://jrl.ui.ac.ir/article_27235_c7664e77ac8e16c0b381ac4e151de580.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان نشریه پژوهش های زبان شناسی 2322-3413 14 1 2022 04 21 The Correlation between Sexual Taboos in Iranian Comedy Movies and Box Office Sales همبستگی تابوهای جنسی در فیلم‌های کمدی ایرانی و فروش گیشه 199 217 27230 10.22108/jrl.2023.132242.1632 FA ساجده عسکری دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد زبان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران علی ایزانلو استادیار گروه زبان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران شهلا شریفی دانشیار گروه زبان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد،ایران Journal Article 2022 01 15 Abstract Taboo is a part of language that is studied in sociolinguistics. It means all forbidden words, expressions, and actions. Compared to other taboos, sexual taboos have always been more prohibited and their use in Iranian cinema is against the culture of Iranian society. Considering that comedy movies have a significant effect on changing the discourse of any society, the purpose of the present study was to investigate sexual taboos and their correlation with movie sales. In this research, 51 best-selling Iranian comedy movies released between 2012 and 2018 were viewed in their entirety and sexual taboos were extracted and placed under different topics. The research results showed that sexual taboos were used under the topics of sexual organs, sexual acts, sexual profanity, sexual clothing, sexual market, and physiological conditions. Also, the results indicated a positive and significant correlation between these movies and box office sales. Keywords: Taboo, Sexual Taboo, Cinema, Comedy, Box Office Introduction The study of taboos is a part of sociolinguistics that has received a lot of attention in recent years. Taboos are words, sentences, and actions that are forbidden to be used in the society. They can be used in the forms of verbal and nonverbal taboos under various topics. Among the various topics of taboos, sexual taboos are not only considered taboos in all societies, but also the most forbidden ones. Also, since cinema in any society is the most efficient tool for representing the culture and values of that society and has a great effect on its culture and language, the study of taboos in cinema is considered an important part of sociolinguistics. Comedy movie is a genre that has the most influence on the society due to its popularity. It forms new actions and discourse structures. In this research, we intended to analyze sexual taboos in the best-selling Iranian comedy movies in a 17-year period, classify them into different topics, and investigate the correlation between their occurrence and box office sales regardless of other factors affecting the sales. Materials and Methods In this research, by referring to cinetmag.com and checking the box office sales, the best-selling comedy films released in Tehran between 2012 and 2018 were determined and 3 comedy movies with the highest sales in each year were selected. After carefully watching 51 movies, 1005 verbal and non-verbal sexual taboos were extracted. Verbal taboos are forbidden words and phrases and non-verbal taboos can be identified through camera angles, display of forbidden scenes, and actors’ movements. Also, after coding and classifying sexual taboos at the end of the work, the best-selling comedy movies of each year were observed by the second evaluator and all the sexual taboos were noted and placed in different categories so as to increase the research reliability. Finally, a reliability coefficient of 0.773 was achieved. Discussion of Results and Conclusion The statistical analysis of the correlation between the occurrence of the taboos and movie sales showed that sexual taboos had a significant positive correlation with the sales of the movies (0.482). Also, among the different classes of sexual taboos, the amounts of film sales had the highest correlation with sexual acts, sexual organs, sexual profanity, and sexual clothing with the intensities of 0.516, 0.373, 0.292, and 0.210, respectively. Moreover, the two groups of physiological conditions and sexual market had the negative correlations of -0.001 and -0.065, respectively. The positive correlation of movie sales and sexual taboos could be attributed to the originality of these taboos and their incompatibility with the values of the Iranian society. They were incompatible with the previous expectations of the audience, while they could have the necessary attraction for the audience due to creating a sense of surprise. Among the various topics of taboos, sexual acts and sexual organs were more surprising because they referred directly to sexual topics and had a significant positive correlation with movie sales. After these two categories, sexual profanity and sexual clothing could be considered inappropriate for the Iranian culture and society and could arouse a sense of surprise although they were indirectly related to sexual topics. Therefore, their correlation with movie sales was still positive and significant. The issue of physiological conditions that was related to menstruation and childbirth had become widespread in the society and its prohibition had thus disappeared because of culturalization. Finally, sex market, which referred to vulgar movies and prostitution, was a shameful economic activity for earning money due to the chaotic conditions of the society. Therefore, according to the authors, the negative correlation of these two issues with movie sales could be attributed to the disappearance of the ban and its bitterness for the audience, respectively. با توجه به نقش مهم سینما در شکل‌گیری فرهنگ و زبان هر جامعه و همچنین، استقبال زیاد مخاطبان از فیلم‌های کمدی، استفاده از تابوها در پرفروش‌ترین فیلم‌های کمدی سینمایی می‌تواند باعث تغییر ارزش‌های جامعه شود. بنابراین، بررسی آن‌ها در سینمای کمدی موضوعی مهم در جامعه‌شناسی زبان است. هدف اول پژوهش حاضر بررسی موضوعات تابوهای جنسی در سینمای کمدی ایران است. بدین منظور با مراجعه به وبگاه cinetmag.com و بررسی فروش گیشه، پرفروش‌ترین فیلم‌های کمدی در تهران در بازۀ سال‌های ۱۳۸۲ تا ۱۳۹۸ مشخص شدند و در هر سال سه فیلم کمدی که بیشترین میزان فروش در تهران را داشتند انتخاب شدند. پس از مشاهده دقیق ۵۱ فیلم‌، ۱۰۰۵ تابوی جنسی کلامی و کنشی استخراج و براساس موضوع به شش طبقۀ اندام جنسی، اعمال جنسی، پوشاک جنسی، شرایط فیزیولوژیک زنانه، بازار جنسی و فحش و اصطلاحات جنسی طبقه‌بندی شدند. هدف دیگر این پژوهش بررسی همبستگی بین رخداد این تابوها با فروش فیلم بود. تحلیل‌های آماری نشان می‌دهد تابوهای جنسی با فروش فیلم همبستگی مثبت معناداری به میزان ۰.۴۸۲ دارد. همچنین، در بین طبقات مختلف تابوهای جنسی میزان فروش فیلم به‌ترتیب بیشترین همبستگی را با تابوی اعمال جنسی با شدت 0.516، اندام جنسی با شدت 0.373، فحش جنسی با شدت 0.292، و پوشاک جنسی با شدت ۰.۲۱۰ دارد و با دو گروه شرایط فیزیولوژیک زنانه و بازار جنسی همبستگی منفی به میزان ۰.۰۰۱- و ۰.۰۶۵- دارد.

https://jrl.ui.ac.ir/article_27230_5b799523db7ddc49b73db6d57c9f484f.pdf